{"id":13111,"date":"2024-12-01T20:28:52","date_gmt":"2024-12-02T04:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/pevnost-v-tahu-definicia-vzorec-krivka-napatia-a-deformacie\/"},"modified":"2024-12-17T12:09:50","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T20:09:50","slug":"pevnost-v-tahu-definicia-vzorec-krivka-napatia-a-deformacie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/sk\/pevnost-v-tahu-definicia-vzorec-krivka-napatia-a-deformacie\/","title":{"rendered":"Pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu: Defin\u00edcia, vzorec, krivka nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u010co je pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie nap\u00e4tie, ktor\u00e9mu materi\u00e1l odol\u00e1 bez trvalej deform\u00e1cie<\/strong>. Predstavuje moment, pri ktorom materi\u00e1l trvalo zmen\u00ed tvar (t. j. po odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed nap\u00e4tia sa u\u017e nevr\u00e1ti do p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho tvaru). A\u017e do bodu klzu je materi\u00e1l pru\u017en\u00fd a po odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed sily sa vr\u00e1ti do svojho p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho tvaru. Za touto hranicou sa materi\u00e1l dost\u00e1va do oblasti plastickej deform\u00e1cie<\/strong> a po odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed sily sa u\u017e nevr\u00e1ti do svojho predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho stavu.<\/p>\n\n

To m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00fd v\u00fdznam pri navrhovan\u00ed materi\u00e1lov a kon\u0161trukci\u00ed. Medza klzu materi\u00e1lu je rozhoduj\u00faca na zabr\u00e1nenie deform\u00e1cii a poruche pri za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed. V technick\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ako s\u00fa stavebn\u00e9 kon\u0161trukcie, leteck\u00fd dizajn a automobilov\u00fd priemysel, sa vyu\u017e\u00edva medza klzu na zabezpe\u010denie toho, aby komponenty bezpe\u010dne odol\u00e1vali za\u0165a\u017eeniu a nam\u00e1haniu v priebehu \u010dasu.<\/p>\n\n

vzorec pre medzu klzu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Sila p\u00f4sobiaca na materi\u00e1l a plocha jeho prierezu ur\u010duj\u00fa jeho medzu klzu pomocou jednoduch\u00e9ho vzorca. Vyjadruje sa ako.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Vzorec<\/figure><\/div>\n

Kde:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • –\u03c3_Y<\/strong> = medza klzu (meran\u00e1 v pascaloch, Pa, alebo megapascaloch, MPa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • –F<\/strong> = aplikovan\u00e1 sila (meran\u00e1 v newtonoch, N)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • –A<\/strong> = plocha prierezu materi\u00e1lu (meran\u00e1 v metroch \u0161tvorcov\u00fdch, m\u00b2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    Medza klzu sa zvy\u010dajne ud\u00e1va v Pascaloch (Pa) alebo Megapascaloch (MPa)<\/strong>, pri\u010dom 1 MPa sa rovn\u00e1 1 mili\u00f3nu Pascalov. Tento jednoduch\u00fd vzorec n\u00e1m ukazuje, ak\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie m\u00f4\u017ee materi\u00e1l vydr\u017ea\u0165, k\u00fdm sa plasticky zdeformuje.<\/p>\n\n

    Ak napr\u00edklad na oce\u013eov\u00fa ty\u010d s prierezom 10 mm\u00b2 p\u00f4sob\u00ed sila 1000 N, medzu klzu mo\u017eno vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 ako:<\/p>\n

    \n
    \"Príklad<\/figure><\/div>\n

    To nazna\u010duje medzu klzu ocele 100 MPa. Ak nap\u00e4tie prekro\u010d\u00ed t\u00fato hranicu, oce\u013e sa trvalo deformuje.<\/p>\n\n

    Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa faktory ovplyv\u0148uj\u00face medzu klzu<\/strong>?<\/h2>\n\n

    Medzu klzu materi\u00e1lu ur\u010duje viacero faktorov.<\/p>\n\n

    Zlo\u017eenie materi\u00e1lu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Na medzu klzu materi\u00e1lu m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv jeho chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie. Napr\u00edklad oce\u013e m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161iu medzu klzu ako hlin\u00edk v\u010faka pr\u00edtomnosti uhl\u00edka a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch leguj\u00facich zlo\u017eiek, ktor\u00e9 zvy\u0161uj\u00fa jej pevnos\u0165.<\/p>\n\n

    Temperat\u00fara<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    So zvy\u0161uj\u00facou sa teplotou \u010dasto kles\u00e1 medza klzu. Kovy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch, ako s\u00fa motory alebo elektr\u00e1rne, sa m\u00f4\u017eu pri vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch zhor\u0161ova\u0165, hoci pri teplote okolia funguj\u00fa primerane.<\/p>\n\n

    Zpracovanie a \u00faprava<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Pracovanie za studena, tepeln\u00e9 spracovanie a legovanie<\/strong> s\u00fa procesy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 medzu klzu materi\u00e1lu. Napr\u00edklad oce\u013e mo\u017eno spevni\u0165 oper\u00e1ciami, ako je chladenie a pop\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

    Strukt\u00fara zrna<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Na medzu klzu m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 vplyv aj ve\u013ekos\u0165 a orient\u00e1cia kry\u0161talick\u00fdch z\u0155n materi\u00e1lu. Jemnej\u0161ie zrn\u00e1 maj\u00fa vy\u0161\u0161iu medzu klzu v d\u00f4sledku spevnenia hran\u00edc z\u0155n.<\/p>\n\n

    Krivka nap\u00e4tie-deform\u00e1cia a medza klzu<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    Ak chcete lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165, ako funguje medza klzu v re\u00e1lnych podmienkach, vezmite do \u00favahy krivku nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie<\/strong>. Krivka nap\u00e4tie-deform\u00e1cia zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje reakciu materi\u00e1lu na p\u00f4sobiace nap\u00e4tie. Pon\u00faka d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o spr\u00e1van\u00ed sa materi\u00e1lu pri nam\u00e1han\u00ed, napr\u00edklad o jeho pru\u017enosti, plasticite a bode poru\u0161enia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

    Krivku nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 na nieko\u013eko k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch oblast\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

    Elastick\u00e1 oblas\u0165<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    V tejto oblasti sa materi\u00e1l spr\u00e1va pru\u017ene, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee deform\u00e1cia je \u00famern\u00e1 p\u00f4sobiacemu nap\u00e4tiu. Ak sa materi\u00e1l po\u010das tohto obdobia neza\u0165a\u017e\u00ed, obnov\u00ed svoj predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faci tvar. S\u00favislos\u0165 nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie v tejto f\u00e1ze je line\u00e1rna a sklon tejto priamky je zn\u00e1my ako modul pru\u017enosti<\/strong> (Youngov modul).<\/p>\n\n

    Bod v\u00fdnosu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Je to k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd moment, v ktorom materi\u00e1l prech\u00e1dza z pru\u017enej na plastick\u00fa deform\u00e1ciu. Po dosiahnut\u00ed medze klzu sa materi\u00e1l za\u010dne nevratne deformova\u0165. V tomto okamihu sa ur\u010duje **pevnos\u0165 materi\u00e1lu**. Niektor\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ako napr\u00edklad m\u00e4kk\u00e1 oce\u013e, m\u00f4\u017eu vykazova\u0165 **trhnutie**, pri ktorom materi\u00e1l zost\u00e1va na stabilnej \u00farovni nap\u00e4tia dlh\u0161\u00ed \u010das, k\u00fdm sa za\u010dne \u010fal\u0161ia deform\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n\n

    Plastov\u00e1 oblas\u0165<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Po dosiahnut\u00ed medze klzu sa materi\u00e1l dostane do plastickej oblasti a nevratne sa deformuje. Nap\u00e4tie a deform\u00e1cia u\u017e nie s\u00fa line\u00e1rne spojen\u00e9 a materi\u00e1l vykazuje **plastick\u00fa deform\u00e1ciu**, ktor\u00e1 sa po odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed za\u0165a\u017eenia neobnov\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

    Pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu (UTS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Ide o najvy\u0161\u0161ie nap\u00e4tie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee materi\u00e1l vydr\u017ea\u0165 pred zlyhan\u00edm. Po tomto \u0161t\u00e1diu sa materi\u00e1l zvy\u010dajne za\u010dne kr\u010di\u0165 a nakoniec praskne.<\/p>\n\n

    Bod zlomu<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

    Miesto, kde sa materi\u00e1l l\u00e1me alebo prask\u00e1. Je to koniec krivky nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n

    Regi\u00f3n<\/th>Popis<\/th><\/tr>
    Elastick\u00e1 oblas\u0165<\/td>Line\u00e1rny vz\u0165ah; n\u00e1vrat k p\u00f4vodn\u00e9mu tvaru<\/td><\/tr>
    V\u00fdnosov\u00fd bod<\/td>Prechod od pru\u017en\u00e9ho k plastick\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vaniu<\/td><\/tr>
    Plastov\u00e1 oblas\u0165<\/td>Doch\u00e1dza k trvalej deform\u00e1cii<\/td><\/tr>
    Pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu<\/td>Maxim\u00e1lne nap\u00e4tie pred zlyhan\u00edm<\/td><\/tr>
    Bod zlomu<\/td>Bod, v ktorom sa materi\u00e1l l\u00e1me<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n

    Ako testova\u0165 a mera\u0165 medzu klzu?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    Sk\u00fa\u0161ka \u0165ahom je naj\u010dastej\u0161ou met\u00f3dou na ur\u010denie medze klzu materi\u00e1lu. Pri tejto sk\u00fa\u0161ke sa na vzorku materi\u00e1lu p\u00f4sob\u00ed rast\u00facou silou, a\u017e k\u00fdm sa nedeformuje. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 \u00fadaje sa pou\u017eij\u00fa na vytvorenie krivky nap\u00e4tie-deform\u00e1cia<\/strong> a medza klzu sa vypo\u010d\u00edta, ke\u010f materi\u00e1l prejde z pru\u017en\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania na plastick\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

    Medzi \u010fal\u0161ie techniky na ur\u010denie medze klzu patria **sk\u00fa\u0161ky tvrdosti** (napr\u00edklad Brinellova alebo Rockwellova tvrdos\u0165), ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 pribli\u017en\u00fd odhad medze klzu na z\u00e1klade odolnosti materi\u00e1lu vo\u010di vtl\u00e1\u010daniu. Na druhej strane, najpresnej\u0161\u00edm a najob\u013e\u00fabenej\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edstupom zost\u00e1va sk\u00fa\u0161ka pevnosti v \u0165ahu.<\/p>\n\n

    Ak\u00fd je v\u00fdznam medze klzu v stroj\u00e1rstve?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

    Medza klzu je v stroj\u00e1rstve d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 z viacer\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov.<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • –V\u00fdber materi\u00e1lu<\/strong>: Kon\u0161trukt\u00e9ri musia vybra\u0165 materi\u00e1ly s prijate\u013enou medzou klzu pre konkr\u00e9tne aplik\u00e1cie, aby sa zabezpe\u010dila bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a funk\u010dnos\u0165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • –Structural Integrity<\/strong>: Znalos\u0165 medze klzu umo\u017e\u0148uje in\u017einierom navrhova\u0165 kon\u0161trukcie, ktor\u00e9 vydr\u017eia o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie bez trvalej deform\u00e1cie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • –S\u00falad s pr\u00e1vnymi predpismi<\/strong>: Mnoh\u00e9 podniky maj\u00fa po\u017eiadavky, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00fa, aby materi\u00e1ly mali ur\u010dit\u00fa medzu v\u00fd\u0165a\u017enosti, aby sa zabezpe\u010dila bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      Pevnos\u0165 v r\u00f4znych materi\u00e1loch<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

      Medza klzu sa medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi v\u00fdrazne l\u00ed\u0161i a v\u00fdber vhodn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu pre dan\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu je do ve\u013ekej miery ovplyvnen\u00fd medzou klzu a v\u00fdkonnos\u0165ou za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podmienok.<\/p>\n\n

        \n
      1. Kovy<\/strong>: Kovy s vysokou medzerou klzu, ako s\u00fa oce\u013e, tit\u00e1n a hlin\u00edk<\/strong>, sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vo ve\u013ekej miere. Napr\u00edklad:\n
          \n
        • –Oce\u013e<\/strong> sa m\u00f4\u017ee pohybova\u0165 od 250 MPa pre m\u00e4kk\u00fa oce\u013e a\u017e po viac ako 2000 MPa pre vysokopevnostn\u00e9 oce\u013eov\u00e9 zliatiny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • –Titan<\/strong> sa vyzna\u010duje vysok\u00fdm pomerom pevnosti k hmotnosti, m\u00e1 medzu klzu pribli\u017ene 900 MPa<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • –Hlin\u00edkov\u00e9<\/strong> zliatiny maj\u00fa ove\u013ea ni\u017e\u0161iu medzu klzu (pribli\u017ene 150 MPa), ale s\u00fa uprednost\u0148ovan\u00e9 v situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ke\u010f je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm faktorom hmotnos\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Polym\u00e9ry<\/strong>: Materi\u00e1ly ako plasty a gumy<\/strong> maj\u00fa ove\u013ea ni\u017e\u0161iu medzu klzu ako kovy. Napriek tomu s\u00fa pre r\u00f4zne pou\u017eitia v\u010faka svojej prisp\u00f4sobivosti a tolerancii vo\u010di premenliv\u00fdm faktorom prostredia ide\u00e1lne. Napr\u00edklad **polykarbon\u00e1t** m\u00e1 medzu klzu pribli\u017ene 60 MPa, zatia\u013e \u010do **PVC** m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 a\u017e 50 MPa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Kompozity<\/strong>: Kompozity z uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien a sklenen\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien<\/strong> maj\u00fa s\u00edce n\u00edzku hmotnos\u0165, ale vysok\u00fa medzu klzu. Najm\u00e4 kompozity z uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien m\u00f4\u017eu dosahova\u0165 medze klzu viac ako 1000 MPa, \u010do ich predur\u010duje na pou\u017eitie vo vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00fdch a leteck\u00fdch vozidl\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

          Ak\u00e9 s\u00fa aplik\u00e1cie medze klzu<\/h2>\n\n

          V mnoh\u00fdch r\u00f4znych technick\u00fdch odboroch je medza klzu materi\u00e1lov ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 na zaru\u010denie ich predpokladanej funk\u010dnosti bez por\u00fach.<\/p>\n\n

          Stavebn\u00e9 in\u017einierstvo<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

          V\u00fdber materi\u00e1lov pre kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e9 prvky, ako s\u00fa nosn\u00edky, st\u013apy a v\u00fdstu\u017ee, z\u00e1vis\u00ed vo ve\u013ekej miere od medze klzu. Kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e1 oce\u013e a \u017eelezobet\u00f3n<\/strong> s\u00fa navrhnut\u00e9 tak, aby odolali ve\u013ek\u00e9mu za\u0165a\u017eeniu a nam\u00e1haniu bez trvalej deform\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n

          Automobilov\u00fd a leteck\u00fd priemysel<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

          Pri navrhovan\u00ed komponentov lietadiel, \u010dast\u00ed motorov a r\u00e1mov automobilov je potrebn\u00e1 pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu, preto\u017ee s\u00fa typick\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenia a mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1razy. Na tieto \u00fa\u010dely sa \u010dasto vyber\u00e1 vysokopevnostn\u00e1 oce\u013e, tit\u00e1n a uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

          V\u00fdroba a elektronika<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

          Materi\u00e1ly s vhodnou medzou klzu sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vo v\u00fdrobe na v\u00fdrobu n\u00e1strojov, zariaden\u00ed a mikroelektroniky. Zatia\u013e \u010do **chirurgick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje** alebo **s\u00fa\u010diastky lietadiel**<\/strong> potrebuj\u00fa materi\u00e1ly s v\u00fdrazne vy\u0161\u0161ou pevnos\u0165ou, s\u00fa\u010diastky v **smartf\u00f3noch** alebo **laptopoch**<\/strong> m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 vytvoren\u00e9 z kovov so zn\u00ed\u017eenou medzerou klzu.<\/p>\n\n

          Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n\n

          In\u017einieri a kon\u0161trukt\u00e9ri pracuj\u00faci s r\u00f4znymi materi\u00e1lmi musia pochopi\u0165 medzu klzu. Ur\u010duje, ak\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 nam\u00e1hanie materi\u00e1l znesie, k\u00fdm sa nevratne nedeformuje, \u010d\u00edm zabezpe\u010duje technick\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a funk\u010dnos\u0165. Vzorce a krivky nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie pom\u00e1haj\u00fa odborn\u00edkom pri v\u00fdbere materi\u00e1lov a zabezpe\u010dovan\u00ed integrity kon\u0161trukcie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Navrhovanie kon\u0161trukci\u00ed, strojov a predmetov dennej potreby si vy\u017eaduje znalosti o pevnosti materi\u00e1lov. Medza klzu je pre in\u017einierov a materi\u00e1lov\u00fdch vedcov k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou vlastnos\u0165ou. Medza klzu je rozhoduj\u00faca pre bezpe\u010dnos\u0165, \u017eivotnos\u0165 a v\u00fdkonnos\u0165 materi\u00e1lu pri nam\u00e1han\u00ed. Na tejto str\u00e1nke sa rozober\u00e1 medza klzu, sp\u00f4sob jej v\u00fdpo\u010dtu, jej s\u00favislos\u0165 s krivkou nap\u00e4tie-deforma\u010dn\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie a jej vplyv na v\u00fdber materi\u00e1lu pre r\u00f4zne aplik\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized-sk"],"yoast_head":"\nPevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu: Defin\u00edcia, vzorec, krivka nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie - ChansMachining<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/sk\/pevnost-v-tahu-definicia-vzorec-krivka-napatia-a-deformacie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pevnos\u0165 v \u0165ahu: Defin\u00edcia, vzorec, krivka nap\u00e4tia a deform\u00e1cie - ChansMachining\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Navrhovanie kon\u0161trukci\u00ed, strojov a predmetov dennej potreby si vy\u017eaduje znalosti o pevnosti materi\u00e1lov. 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