{"id":25390,"date":"2024-04-19T07:57:19","date_gmt":"2024-04-19T15:57:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/pletros-stipris-ir-tempimo-stipris-pagrindiniai-skirtumai\/"},"modified":"2024-12-26T18:51:11","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T02:51:11","slug":"pletros-stipris-ir-tempimo-stipris-pagrindiniai-skirtumai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/lt\/pletros-stipris-ir-tempimo-stipris-pagrindiniai-skirtumai\/","title":{"rendered":"Pl\u0117tros stipris ir tempimo stipris: Pagrindiniai skirtumai."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kas yra takumo stipris?<\/h2>\n\n
\"Plėtros
Pl\u0117tros stiprio skai\u010diuokl\u0117 ir formul\u0117<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

<\u017eymeklis style=”background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);color:#2ca3a3″ class=”has-inline-color”>Grei\u010dio stipris\u017eymeklis><\/a>, i\u0161reik\u0161tas \u03c3 y<\/strong>, yra did\u017eiausias \u012ftempis, kur\u012f med\u017eiaga gali atlaikyti prie\u0161 nuolatin\u0119 deformacij\u0105. \u0160ia savybe matuojamas med\u017eiagos plasti\u0161kumas. Ta\u010diau nepasiekusi \u0161io ta\u0161ko, med\u017eiaga, pa\u0161alinus \u012ftempim\u0105, visada gr\u012f\u0161 \u012f pradin\u0119 form\u0105.<\/p>\n\n

Pl\u0117tros stipris parodomas lenkiant plastikin\u0119 liniuot\u0119. Liniuot\u0117 i\u0161 prad\u017ei\u0173 v\u0117l tampa plok\u0161\u010dia. Vis d\u0117lto pernelyg didelis lenkimas per\u017eengia takumo rib\u0105, tod\u0117l liniuot\u0117 visam laikui sulenkiama arba l\u016b\u017eta. Kitaip tariant, \u012frodomasis \u012ftempis rei\u0161kia \u012ftempi\u0173 lyg\u012f, kuriam esant prasideda negr\u012f\u017etamas pokytis, kaip 0,2 % pailg\u0117jimas.<\/p>\n\n

Jei jus domina lankstumas tokioms konstrukcijoms, kaip pakabinamieji tiltai, kurie prisitaiko prie svorio ir v\u0117jo, labai svarbu atsi\u017evelgti \u012f atsparum\u0105 gniu\u017edymui. Bet kokios deformacijos nuo \u0161ios takumo ribos rodo, kad \u012fvyko gedimas, o kitos, pavyzd\u017eiui, spyruokliuojan\u010dios \u012f „U” form\u0105, yra pakankamai naudingos, nes i\u0161 j\u0173 padaromi laikikliai. Toliau kalbama apie tempiam\u0105j\u0105 j\u0117g\u0105.<\/p>\n\n

Med\u017eiagos \u012ftempi\u0173 metu \u012fgauna tamprumo b\u016bsen\u0105, kai \u012fvyksta nuo atstatomosios iki nuolatin\u0117s deformacijos. Pl\u0117tros stipris, da\u017enai matuojamas N\/m\u00b2 arba paskalomis (plasti\u0161kumo vienetas), rodo, kad vir\u0161ijus tam tikr\u0105 \u012ftempi\u0173 lyg\u012f, poky\u010di\u0173 nebegalima gr\u0105\u017einti atgal ir jie tampa negr\u012f\u017etami; taigi jis parodo, kur apkrovos ir pailg\u0117jimo diagramoje prasid\u0117jo ply\u0161imas, kai nukrypstama nuo proporcingumo.<\/p>\n\n

Tai vadinamoji takumo riba, nustatoma atliekant tempimo bandym\u0105 ir apskai\u010diuojant takumo \u012ftemp\u012f. Atlikus bandym\u0105 su \u012ftempimu, med\u017eiagos, pavyzd\u017eiui, tam tikri plastikai, palaipsniui dyla, tod\u0117l \u012ftempimo \u012ftempis yra dar vienas naudingas j\u0173 elgsenos matas. Bandomoji \u012ftemptis \/ \u012ftempiai rodo, kokio dyd\u017eio \u012ftempio reikia, kad b\u016bt\u0173 pasiekta minimali nuolatin\u0117 deformacija, nustatyta esant 0,2 % \u012ftempiui, standartizuotam atsi\u017evelgiant \u012f tausojamojo stiprio formul\u0117s nuostatas.<\/p>\n\n

Kai kai kurios med\u017eiagos, pavyzd\u017eiui, metalai, \u0161iek tiek \u012ftempiamos, jos atgauna savo pradines savybes, vadinamas elastingumu, ta\u010diau, kai jos i\u0161traukiamos vos per\u017eengus \u0161i\u0105 rib\u0105, jos visam laikui pailg\u0117ja arba deformuojasi, paprastai vadinamas plasti\u0161kumo efektu.” Jis vyksta atliekant bandym\u0173 protokolus ir yra labai svarbus atliekant skai\u010diavimus, kuriais nustatoma, kas yra takumo riba. \u017dodis „nuolatinis” vartojamas kalbant apie nuolatinius poky\u010dius, kurie neapima joki\u0173 tampri\u0173j\u0173 savybi\u0173.<\/p>\n\n

Kas yra tempiamasis stipris?<\/h2>\n\n
\"Tempimo
Tempimo \u012ftempi\u0173 ir deformacij\u0173 diagrama<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Tempimo stipris, dar vadinamas did\u017eiausiuoju tempimo stipriu (angl. maximum tensile strength, MTS), rei\u0161kia did\u017eiausi\u0105 \u012ftemp\u012f, kur\u012f med\u017eiaga gali i\u0161laikyti i\u0161tempta arba patraukta, kol ji atsilaisvina arba nutr\u016bksta. Kartu su kitomis savyb\u0117mis \u0161i savyb\u0117 turi didel\u0119 reik\u0161m\u0119 atskleid\u017eiant med\u017eiag\u0173 elgsen\u0105 veikiant tempimo apkrovai. Ji gali pad\u0117ti \u012fvertinti tinkamum\u0105 \u012fvairioms reikm\u0117ms, pavyzd\u017eiui, in\u017einerijoje ar gamyboje.<\/p>\n\n

Tempimo stipris paprastai matuojamas atliekant tempimo bandym\u0105: atliekant bandym\u0105 med\u017eiaga i\u0161tempiama iki tr\u016bkimo ta\u0161ko, pasiekus did\u017eiausi\u0105 leistin\u0105 apkrov\u0105, ir nubrai\u017eoma \u012ftempimo ir deformacijos kreiv\u0117. Did\u017eiausias \u0161ios kreiv\u0117s ta\u0161kas atitinka med\u017eiagos tempimo stipr\u012f. Lygt\u012f sigma = Pf\/Ao (signalas yra tempimo stipris N\/m2 arba Paskaliais; Pf yra apkrova l\u016b\u017eio metu, o Ao – pradinis skerspj\u016bvio plotas) taip pat galima naudoti tempimo stipriui nustatyti.<\/p>\n\n

J\u0117gos \u012ftempimas yra susijusi savyb\u0117, apibr\u0117\u017eianti pasiprie\u0161inim\u0105, neleid\u017eiant\u012f med\u017eiagai svyruoti, kai taikomas tam tikras \u012ftempimas. \u0160is ta\u0161kas, susij\u0119s su takumo riba, yra pereinamoji sritis. Tai rei\u0161kia, kad med\u017eiaga neb\u0117ra tamprioje b\u016bsenoje, kai pa\u0161alinamas taikytas \u012ftempimas.<\/p>\n\n

\"tempimo
Tempimo stiprumo bandymo grafikas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Atliekant nuobod\u017eias stiprumo per\u017ei\u016bras da\u017enai naudojami ir kiti \u017eym\u0117jimai, \u012fskaitant l\u016b\u017eio stipr\u012f, l\u016b\u017eio stipr\u012f ir l\u016b\u017eio \u012ftemp\u012f, kurie yra alternatyv\u016bs \u012ftempio vieneto, kai k\u016bnas suskaidomas \u012f du atskirus fragmentus, pavadinimai.<\/p>\n\n

\u0160ias savybes b\u016btina \u017einoti gaminant in\u017einerines ir pramonines detales. Jos turi atlaikyti numatomus \u012ftempius per vis\u0105 eksploatavimo laik\u0105. \u0160ios savyb\u0117s taip pat yra svarbiausios renkantis med\u017eiagas, atsi\u017evelgiant \u012f saugum\u0105, eksploatacines savybes ir kintamas s\u0105lygas. Pavyzd\u017eiui, temperat\u016bra gali tur\u0117ti \u012ftakos med\u017eiag\u0173, pavyzd\u017eiui, vario, tempimo stipriui.<\/p>\n\n

Didelis takumo ir tempimo stiprio palyginimas<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n
\"Kaip
Kaip nustatyti takumo rib\u0105?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Delikatumo elastin\u0117s ribos ir \u012ftempi\u0173 plasti\u0161kumo paai\u0161kinimas<\/h3>\n\n

Pl\u0117tros riba rodo \u012ftemp\u012f, kurio reikia plastinei deformacijai. Ta\u010diau tempimo stipris nustato \u012ftempi\u0173 lyg\u012f, kuriam esant j\u0117ga priver\u010dia med\u017eiag\u0105 l\u016b\u017eti. Pl\u0117tros stipris yra svarbus med\u017eiagoms, kurios deformuojasi (lenkdamos arba kirpdamos), pavyzd\u017eiui, plasti\u0161koms med\u017eiagoms. Prie\u0161ingai, tempiamasis stipris yra labai svarbi savyb\u0117 trapioms med\u017eiagoms, kurios labai lengvai l\u016b\u017eta.<\/p>\n\n

Deformacijos ir bandymo procesas<\/h3>\n\n

Pirma, vir\u0161ijus makroskopini\u0173 med\u017eiag\u0173 takumo rib\u0105, prasideda j\u0173 deformacijos procesas. Tuomet atliekami tempimo stiprumo bandymai, kuri\u0173 metu vyksta deformacija. Trapi\u0173 med\u017eiag\u0173 atveju tempimo stipris gali b\u016bti laikomas takumo riba ir yra labai susij\u0119s su ma\u017eomis deformacijomis.<\/p>\n\n

Med\u017eiag\u0173 aspektai projektuojant<\/h3>\n\n

Patikimumas u\u017etikrinamas konstruojant konstrukcijas i\u0161 med\u017eiag\u0173, kurios dyla, teikiant pirmenyb\u0119 takumo deformacijai, o ne tempimo deformacijai. D\u0117l \u0161ios savyb\u0117s jos tampa stipriomis ir plasti\u0161komis med\u017eiagomis, kurias galima deformuoti santykinai didele deformacija, kol jos nepasiekia savo tempimo stiprio. Kalbant apie trapias med\u017eiagas, pagrindinis veiksnys yra „tempimo stipris”.<\/p>\n\n

\u012etempi\u0173 analiz\u0117 projektavime<\/h3>\n\n

Pl\u0117\u0161umo stipris tiriamas esant skirtingoms \u012ftempi\u0173 b\u016bsenoms, patiriamoms veikiant kelioms a\u0161ims, prie\u0161ingai nei tempimo stipris, kuris yra vienaa\u0161is ir tiriamas tik vienos a\u0161ies apkrovai. Kai med\u017eiagos vir\u0161ija takumo rib\u0105, jos deformuojasi, kol pasiekia tempimo stipr\u012f, kuris prasideda esant didesnei skaitinei vertei.<\/p>\n\n

Matavim\u0173 tikslumas<\/h3>\n\n

Daugumos med\u017eiag\u0173, \u012fskaitant plien\u0105, tempimo stipris gali b\u016bti netiksliai prognozuojamas. Kita vertus, vietoj to, kad tempimo stipr\u012f v\u0117l b\u016bt\u0173 sunku \u012fvertinti, tokiose med\u017eiagose kaip plienas tempimo stipr\u012f galima tiksliai apskai\u010diuoti. B\u016btina \u017einoti stipri\u0173 ir silpn\u0173 savybi\u0173 skirtumus. Ta\u010diau juos atskirti labai svarbu d\u0117l praktini\u0173 privalum\u0173.<\/p>\n\n

Kaip pasirinkti ideali\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105, atitinkan\u010di\u0105 j\u016bs\u0173 projekto poreikius\uff1f<\/h2>\n\n

Kai sprend\u017eiate, koki\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105 pasirinkti savo projektui, reikia atsi\u017evelgti \u012f takumo ir tempiamojo stiprio faktorius. \u0160ie rodikliai parodo, kaip med\u017eiaga reaguoja \u012f \u012ftempim\u0105. Nustatymas, kada ir kaip naudoti \u0161iuos rodiklius, turi \u012ftakos projekto saugai ir s\u0117kmingam projekto rezultatui. Kartais b\u016btina atsi\u017evelgti ir \u012f tempiamojo stiprio, ir \u012f takumo rib\u0105.<\/p>\n\n

Med\u017eiagos \u012ftempio rib\u0173 \u012fvertinimas<\/h3>\n\n

\u0160i\u0105 informacij\u0105 tur\u0117tum\u0117te \u017einoti, nes ji parodo, kokio lygio \u012ftemp\u012f med\u017eiaga gali i\u0161laikyti, kol ji deformuojasi arba l\u016b\u017eta. Tokioje aplinkoje, kur \u012ftempiai gali b\u016bti minimal\u016bs arba vidutiniai, galima naudoti med\u017eiagas, kuri\u0173 tempimo ir takumo riba yra ma\u017eesn\u0117. \u0160iuose projektuose svarbiausia, kad med\u017eiaga b\u016bt\u0173 tinkama atlaikyti did\u017eiausias apkrovas ir ekstremalias \u012ftampas. Vadinasi, \u0161ios med\u017eiagos stiprumas tur\u0117t\u0173 vir\u0161yti aplinkos j\u0117g\u0173 stiprum\u0105.<\/p>\n\n

Med\u017eiagos savybi\u0173 subalansavimas<\/h3>\n\n

Kiekviename projekte labai svarbu pasirinkti tinkam\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105. Be kita ko, reikia atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f \u012f takumo, atsparumo tempimui ir kit\u0173 detali\u0173 balans\u0105. \u0160is balsas turi \u012ftakos sistemos gyvybingumui, kuris pasirei\u0161kia saugumu ir patikimumu. Gali b\u016bti, kad \u0161ios savyb\u0117s daro persipynus\u012f poveik\u012f med\u017eiag\u0173 elgsenai. Tod\u0117l toki\u0173 s\u0105ry\u0161i\u0173 i\u0161manymas atlieka svarb\u0173 vaidmen\u012f.<\/p>\n\n

Med\u017eiag\u0173 parinkimas pagal taikymo poreikius.<\/h3>\n\n

Med\u017eiag\u0173 pasirinkimo prad\u017eia – i\u0161sami projekto tiksl\u0173 analiz\u0117. Reikia atsi\u017evelgti \u012f svor\u012f, temperat\u016br\u0105 ir atsparum\u0105 korozijai. Suderinti su med\u017eiagos atsparumu numatomiems \u012ftempiams yra esminis veiksnys nustatant optimal\u0173 med\u017eiagos veikim\u0105.<\/p>\n\n

Med\u017eiag\u0173 pasirinkim\u0105 lemiantys veiksniai<\/h3>\n\n

Rinkdamiesi med\u017eiagas atsi\u017evelkite \u012f \u012fvairius veiksnius. Med\u017eiag\u0173 pasirinkim\u0105 gali lemti kaina, prieinamumas ir apdirbimo galimyb\u0117s Kitas aspektas, \u012f kur\u012f reikia atsi\u017evelgti, yra vietos, kurioje ketinate naudoti technologij\u0105, aplinkos charakteristikos.<\/p>\n\n

\u012eprast\u0173 lydini\u0173 takumo ir tempimo stipris<\/h2>\n\n
Med\u017eiaga<\/td>Derlingumo stipris<\/td>Did\u017eiausia j\u0117ga<\/td><\/tr>
Imperinis (ksi)<\/td>Metrinis (MPa)<\/td>Imperinis (ksi)<\/td>Metrinis (MPa)<\/td><\/tr>
min.<\/td>max.<\/td>min.<\/td>max.<\/td>min.<\/td>max.<\/td>min.<\/td>max.<\/td><\/tr>
Aliuminis<\/td>1<\/td>1.6<\/td>7<\/td>11<\/td>7<\/td>28<\/td>48<\/td>193<\/td><\/tr>
Aliuminio bronza<\/td>32<\/td>45<\/td>221<\/td>310<\/td>78<\/td>85<\/td>540<\/td>585<\/td><\/tr>
Berilis<\/td>35<\/td>50<\/td>240<\/td>345<\/td>45<\/td>51<\/td>310<\/td>370<\/td><\/tr>
Berilio varis<\/td>140<\/td>175<\/td>965<\/td>1205<\/td>59<\/td>203<\/td>410<\/td>1480<\/td><\/tr>
\u017dalvaris (60\/40)<\/td>21<\/td>50<\/td>145<\/td>345<\/td>53<\/td>70<\/td>370<\/td>485<\/td><\/tr>
\u017dalvaris (geltonas)<\/td>15<\/td>61<\/td>105<\/td>425<\/td>47<\/td>91<\/td>325<\/td>625<\/td><\/tr>
\u017dalvaris (raudonas)<\/td>12<\/td>63<\/td>83<\/td>435<\/td>40<\/td>84<\/td>275<\/td>580<\/td><\/tr>
Bronza<\/td>20<\/td>55<\/td>137<\/td>380<\/td>35<\/td>85<\/td>241<\/td>586<\/td><\/tr>
Kadmis<\/td>9<\/td>9<\/td>64<\/td>64<\/td>9<\/td>11<\/td>62<\/td>78<\/td><\/tr>
Ketaus (pilkas)<\/td>14<\/td>40<\/td>98<\/td>276<\/td>22<\/td>63<\/td>140<\/td>431<\/td><\/tr>
Chromas<\/td>29<\/td>36<\/td>200<\/td>250<\/td>39<\/td>42<\/td>270<\/td>290<\/td><\/tr>
Cobalt<\/td>19<\/td>29<\/td>135<\/td>200<\/td>33<\/td>101<\/td>230<\/td>700<\/td><\/tr>
Vario<\/td>10<\/td>10<\/td>70<\/td>70<\/td>33<\/td>55<\/td>230<\/td>380<\/td><\/tr>
Auksas (24K) grynas<\/td>29<\/td>29<\/td>205<\/td>205<\/td>19<\/td>32<\/td>130<\/td>220<\/td><\/tr>
Gele\u017eis<\/td>17<\/td>21<\/td>120<\/td>150<\/td>26<\/td>30<\/td>180<\/td>210<\/td><\/tr>
Gele\u017eis (lietin\u0117)<\/td>14<\/td>40<\/td>98<\/td>276<\/td>22<\/td>63<\/td>140<\/td>431<\/td><\/tr>
Gele\u017eis (kaustyta)<\/td>23<\/td>32<\/td>159<\/td>221<\/td>49<\/td>49<\/td>234<\/td>372<\/td><\/tr>
\u0160vinas<\/td>0.72<\/td>2<\/td>5<\/td>19<\/td>1.7<\/td>4.6<\/td>12<\/td>32<\/td><\/tr>
Magnio lydinys<\/td>2.9<\/td>23<\/td>20<\/td>160<\/td>15<\/td>25<\/td>20<\/td>280<\/td><\/tr>
Nikelio<\/td>20<\/td>50<\/td>140<\/td>350<\/td>45<\/td>110<\/td>310<\/td>760<\/td><\/tr>
Platina<\/td>5.5<\/td>26<\/td>38<\/td>180<\/td>17<\/td>20<\/td>120<\/td>140<\/td><\/tr>
Sidabrinis<\/td>8<\/td>8<\/td>55<\/td>55<\/td>20<\/td>46<\/td>150<\/td>360<\/td><\/tr>
Plienas (anglis)<\/td>35<\/td>100<\/td>248<\/td>690<\/td>49<\/td>276<\/td>340<\/td>1900<\/td><\/tr>
Ner\u016bdijantis plienas (304)<\/td>14<\/td>14<\/td>97<\/td>97<\/td>67<\/td>160<\/td>460<\/td>1100<\/td><\/tr>
Ner\u016bdijantis plienas (316)<\/td>13<\/td>13<\/td>96<\/td>96<\/td>67<\/td>125<\/td>460<\/td>860<\/td><\/tr>
Alavas<\/td>1.3<\/td>1.3<\/td>9<\/td>9<\/td>3<\/td>3<\/td>19<\/td>19<\/td><\/tr>
Titano<\/td>14<\/td>14<\/td>98<\/td>98<\/td>33<\/td>67<\/td>230<\/td>460<\/td><\/tr>
Volframas<\/td>80<\/td>80<\/td>550<\/td>550<\/td>100<\/td>500<\/td>689<\/td>3447<\/td><\/tr>
Cinkas<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td>20<\/td>21<\/td>135<\/td>145<\/td><\/tr>
(Lentel\u0117s \u0161altinis: https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/young-modulus-d_417.html<\/para><\/a>)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n

I\u0161vada<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Renkantis tinkam\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105 reikia gerai i\u0161manyti takumo ir tempimo stipr\u012f. \u0160ios \u017einios u\u017etikrina, kad j\u016bs\u0173 projektas atlaikys visus eksploatacinius \u012ftempius, taip padidindamas ilgaam\u017ei\u0161kum\u0105 ir na\u0161um\u0105.<\/p>\n\n

Bendradarbiaukite su mumis, kad gautum\u0117te ekspert\u0173 rekomendacijas d\u0117l med\u017eiag\u0173 parinkimo ir optimizuotum\u0117te savo projekto na\u0161um\u0105 ir saug\u0105. Kurkime s\u0117km\u0119 kartu!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pradedant bet kok\u012f projekt\u0105, labai svarbu pasirinkti tinkam\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105. Supratimas apie takumo ir tempimo stipr\u012f padeda in\u017einieriams ir projektuotojams pasirinkti med\u017eiagas, kurios geriausiai atitinka j\u0173 konkre\u010dius poreikius.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":25271,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lt"],"yoast_head":"\nPl\u0117tros stipris ir tempimo stipris: Pagrindiniai skirtumai. - ChansMachining<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/lt\/pletros-stipris-ir-tempimo-stipris-pagrindiniai-skirtumai\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"lt_LT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pl\u0117tros stipris ir tempimo stipris: Pagrindiniai skirtumai. - ChansMachining\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pradedant bet kok\u012f projekt\u0105, labai svarbu pasirinkti tinkam\u0105 med\u017eiag\u0105. 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