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\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03bf\u03cd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd; \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_4\"><strong>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\uff1f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0398\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac:<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_6\"><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_8\"><strong>\u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Material-Testing-for-quality-control-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"&#x394;&#x3BF;&#x3BA;&#x3B9;&#x3BC;&#x3AD;&#x3C2; &#x3C5;&#x3BB;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3CE;&#x3BD; &#x3B3;&#x3B9;&#x3B1; &#x3C0;&#x3BF;&#x3B9;&#x3BF;&#x3C4;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3CC; &#x3AD;&#x3BB;&#x3B5;&#x3B3;&#x3C7;&#x3BF;\" class=\"wp-image-26613\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Material-Testing-for-quality-control-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Material-Testing-for-quality-control-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Material-Testing-for-quality-control-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Material-Testing-for-quality-control-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Material-Testing-for-quality-control.webp 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03ae \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u03a5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 &#8211; \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac &#8211; \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd &#8211; \u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 ISO, ASTM &#8211; \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_20\"><strong>\u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Types-of-Material-Testing-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"&#x3A4;&#x3CD;&#x3C0;&#x3BF;&#x3B9; &#x3B4;&#x3BF;&#x3BA;&#x3B9;&#x3BC;&#x3CE;&#x3BD; &#x3C5;&#x3BB;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3CE;&#x3BD;\" class=\"wp-image-26635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Types-of-Material-Testing-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Types-of-Material-Testing-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Types-of-Material-Testing-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Types-of-Material-Testing-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Types-of-Material-Testing.webp 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_21\">1. <strong>\u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ad\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2):<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ad\u03bb\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 &#8211; \u03c4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2** \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers), \u03b7 <strong>\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 Charpy, Izod), \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c7\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8&#8217; \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 <strong>\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2\/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 <strong>\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2\/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_24\">2. <strong>\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1:<\/strong> \u0397 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong> (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03ae\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (DSC):<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (DSC) <strong>\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ae\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_27\">3. <strong>\u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03be\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> ** \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 pH: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 pH<\/strong> \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03cc\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_30\">4. <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03a5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1:<\/strong> \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03a5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_33\">5. <strong>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd: \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae UV:<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_36\">6. <strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae <strong>\u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_39\">7. <strong>\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (\u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong> \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd-\u03a7 (XRD):<\/strong> \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (SEM):<\/strong> \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_42\">8. <strong>\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Electrical-and-Magnetic-Testing-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"&#x397;&#x3BB;&#x3B5;&#x3BA;&#x3C4;&#x3C1;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3AD;&#x3C2; &#x3BA;&#x3B1;&#x3B9; &#x3BC;&#x3B1;&#x3B3;&#x3BD;&#x3B7;&#x3C4;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3AD;&#x3C2; &#x3B4;&#x3BF;&#x3BA;&#x3B9;&#x3BC;&#x3AD;&#x3C2;\" class=\"wp-image-26701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Electrical-and-Magnetic-Testing-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Electrical-and-Magnetic-Testing-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Electrical-and-Magnetic-Testing-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Electrical-and-Magnetic-Testing-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Electrical-and-Magnetic-Testing.webp 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<p><strong>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 <strong>\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2:<\/strong> \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae: \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_45\">9. <strong>\u039f\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03af \u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2:<\/strong> \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_48\"><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destructive-vs.-Non-Destructive-Testing-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"&#x39A;&#x3B1;&#x3C4;&#x3B1;&#x3C3;&#x3C4;&#x3C1;&#x3BF;&#x3C6;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3CC;&#x3C2; &#x3AD;&#x3BD;&#x3B1;&#x3BD;&#x3C4;&#x3B9; &#x3BC;&#x3B7; &#x3BA;&#x3B1;&#x3C4;&#x3B1;&#x3C3;&#x3C4;&#x3C1;&#x3BF;&#x3C6;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3BF;&#x3CD; &#x3B5;&#x3BB;&#x3AD;&#x3B3;&#x3C7;&#x3BF;&#x3C5;\" class=\"wp-image-26657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destructive-vs.-Non-Destructive-Testing-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destructive-vs.-Non-Destructive-Testing-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destructive-vs.-Non-Destructive-Testing-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destructive-vs.-Non-Destructive-Testing-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Destructive-vs.-Non-Destructive-Testing.webp 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<p>\u039f <strong>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (DT)<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf <strong>\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (NDT)<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_50\"><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (DT)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 **\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2** \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_52\"><strong>\u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2:<\/strong> \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_54\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_56\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_59\"><strong>\u039c\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (NDT)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>\u039f \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_61\"><strong>\u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac:<\/strong> \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong> \u0399\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2:<\/strong> \u039b\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_63\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b3\u03ad\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03af, \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_65\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 NDT.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_68\"><strong>\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (DT)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>\u039c\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (NDT)<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/strong><\/td><td>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/td><td>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/td><td>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/td><td>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc (\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2).<\/td><td>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7).<\/td><td>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u03a7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong><\/td><td>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2).<\/td><td>\u03a4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/td><td>\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u03a0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong><\/td><td>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/td><td>\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u039c\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong><\/td><td>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1.<\/td><td>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_70\">\u03a4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>ASTM International<\/strong><br\/>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 ASTM International \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">astm.org<\/a><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tse2.mm.bing.net\/th?id=OIP.xZQdf2T092nvk4BWjZr0XwHaCH&amp;w=200&amp;h=112&amp;c=7\" alt=\"ASTM International | &#x393;&#x3C1;&#x3B1;&#x3C6;&#x3B5;&#x3AF;&#x3BF; &#x3A0;&#x3C1;&#x3BF;&#x3C4;&#x3CD;&#x3C0;&#x3C9;&#x3BD; &#x3A4;&#x3B6;&#x3B1;&#x3BC;&#x3AC;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3B1;\" title=\"ASTM International | &#x393;&#x3C1;&#x3B1;&#x3C6;&#x3B5;&#x3AF;&#x3BF; &#x3A0;&#x3C1;&#x3BF;&#x3C4;&#x3CD;&#x3C0;&#x3C9;&#x3BD; &#x3A4;&#x3B6;&#x3B1;&#x3BC;&#x3AC;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3B1;\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (ISO)<\/strong><br\/>\u039f ISO \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tse2.mm.bing.net\/th?id=OIP.kAo4NYWy4PLKQbXaXYIrWAHaHa&amp;w=200&amp;h=200&amp;c=7\" alt=\"&#x3A0;&#x3B9;&#x3C3;&#x3C4;&#x3BF;&#x3C0;&#x3BF;&#x3AF;&#x3B7;&#x3C3;&#x3B7; ISO . &#x3BB;&#x3BF;&#x3B3;&#x3CC;&#x3C4;&#x3C5;&#x3C0;&#x3BF; ISO 90012015 . &#x3C0;&#x3B9;&#x3C3;&#x3C4;&#x3BF;&#x3C0;&#x3BF;&#x3AF;&#x3B7;&#x3C3;&#x3B7; ISO 9000 Premium ...\" title=\"&#x3A0;&#x3B9;&#x3C3;&#x3C4;&#x3BF;&#x3C0;&#x3BF;&#x3AF;&#x3B7;&#x3C3;&#x3B7; ISO . &#x3BB;&#x3BF;&#x3B3;&#x3CC;&#x3C4;&#x3C5;&#x3C0;&#x3BF; ISO 90012015 . &#x3C0;&#x3B9;&#x3C3;&#x3C4;&#x3BF;&#x3C0;&#x3BF;&#x3AF;&#x3B7;&#x3C3;&#x3B7; ISO 9000 Premium ...\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 (VAMAS)<\/strong><br\/>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 VAMAS \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VAMAS?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/tse3.mm.bing.net\/th?id=OIP.T2arzJH1IKxr5gsUiiPZMQAAAA&amp;w=200&amp;h=250&amp;c=7\" alt=\"&#x393;&#x3C1;&#x3B1;&#x3C6;&#x3AD;&#x3BD;&#x3B9;&#x3BF;: &#x3BC;&#x3B5;&#x3C4;&#x3C1;&#x3AE;&#x3C3;&#x3B5;&#x3B9;&#x3C2; &#x3B3;&#x3B9;&#x3B1; &#x3BA;&#x3B1;&#x3BB;&#x3CD;&#x3C4;&#x3B5;&#x3C1;&#x3BF; &#x3AD;&#x3BB;&#x3B5;&#x3B3;&#x3C7;&#x3BF; | LNE, Laboratoire national de ...\" title=\"&#x393;&#x3C1;&#x3B1;&#x3C6;&#x3AD;&#x3BD;&#x3B9;&#x3BF;: &#x3BC;&#x3B5;&#x3C4;&#x3C1;&#x3AE;&#x3C3;&#x3B5;&#x3B9;&#x3C2; &#x3B3;&#x3B9;&#x3B1; &#x3BA;&#x3B1;&#x3BB;&#x3CD;&#x3C4;&#x3B5;&#x3C1;&#x3BF; &#x3AD;&#x3BB;&#x3B5;&#x3B3;&#x3C7;&#x3BF; | LNE, Laboratoire national de ...\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p><strong>American National Standards Institute (ANSI)<\/strong><br\/>\u03a4\u03bf ANSI (American National Standards Institute) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. <a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.ansi.org\/industry\/material-testing?srsltid=AfmBOopsWu-drHVQGi5kRyzSdvLRkVPKmxS27Ris0Hkvf6sGKpHCAmnw&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com\">webstore.ansi.org<\/a><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_82\"><strong>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>1. \u0391\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u00b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u00b5\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u00b5\u03b5 \u00b5\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u00b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u00b5\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u00b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u00b5\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u00b5\u03ae\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u00b5\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2,\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>3. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7, \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>4. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>5. \u0391\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>6. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7, \u03b3\u03b9&#8217; \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>7. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1. \u0398\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_99\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd; <\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/What-Are-Materials-Testing-Application-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"&#x3A4;&#x3B9; &#x3B5;&#x3AF;&#x3BD;&#x3B1;&#x3B9; &#x3B7; &#x3B5;&#x3C6;&#x3B1;&#x3C1;&#x3BC;&#x3BF;&#x3B3;&#x3AE; &#x3B4;&#x3BF;&#x3BA;&#x3B9;&#x3BC;&#x3AE;&#x3C2; &#x3C5;&#x3BB;&#x3B9;&#x3BA;&#x3CE;&#x3BD;\" class=\"wp-image-26679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/What-Are-Materials-Testing-Application-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/What-Are-Materials-Testing-Application-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/What-Are-Materials-Testing-Application-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/What-Are-Materials-Testing-Application-1536x864.webp 1536w, https:\/\/chansmachining.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/What-Are-Materials-Testing-Application.webp 1820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<p><strong>1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0391\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b7 FAA \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>3. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae. \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. \u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0395\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 (\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2) \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb. \u038c\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>5. \u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf. \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1. \u038c,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>6. \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9&#8217; \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>7. \u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1; \u0395\u03ba\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf; \u038c\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"_121\"><strong>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 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